Tumor cell-derived VEGF acts on endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis and tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Tumor cell-derived VEGF acts on endothelial cells and promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. At tumor sites, monocytes differentiate into tumor-associated macrophages capable of producing growth factors, proteases, angiogenic mediators, cytokines, and chemokines such as CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL5 (RANTES). Interleukin (IL-2), IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, interferon (IFN), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), transforming growth factor (TGF) play an important role in promoting tumor progression and anti-tumor. Chemokines such as CXCL10 (IP-10) and CXCL9 may inhibit the development of cancer. In addition, there are many adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-1, ICAM-3, VCAM-1 and selectins, which are expressed by many different types of tumor cells, and are often key factors for metastatic malignant tumors.
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