"Sludge in wastewater treatment is the residual semisolid material separated during the purification process. Comprising solids, water, and microorganisms, sludge is a byproduct that undergoes further treatment or disposal. Understanding its role is crucial; it contains valuable resources but poses environmental challenges. Proper management, including dewatering, digestion, and disposal, is essential to minimize environmental impact and harness the potential benefits of sludge, such as energy production and nutrient-rich soil enhancement."