Black pepper also known as Piper nigrum is a common spice in the world and known for its traditional medical properties. The major alkaloid containing piperine a molecule formula C₁₇H₁₉NO₃ which is responsible for the substance's pungent taste and multiple curative capabilities. Recent researches are now scientifically supporting the medical benefits of the spice as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and digestive remedy amongst others. This review aims at giving a comprehensive analysis on the basics of black pepper's chemistry, the pharmacological functions and the chronology of the compound from the historical ancient system of healing to the modern scientific literature.