he gastrointestinal tract represents the most extensive interface between the human organism and the external environment. The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by a complex ecosystem of microorganisms, where microbiota, nutrients, and host cells interact extensively, a process crucial for the gut homeostasis and host development with a real partnership. The various bacterial communities that make up the gut microbiota have many functions, including metabolic, barrier effect, and trophic functions. The relation between the gut microbiota and human health is increasingly recognized. It is now well established that healthy gut flora is mainly responsible for the overall health of the host. The human gut hosts an enormous number of microorganisms whose composition affects the epithelial barrier functions and the gut immune system. Prebiotics and probiotics exert beneficial effects by modulating gut microbiota and the immune system.
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